To+Kill+a+Mockingbird



The next novel on our list is //To Kill A Mockingbird//. This novel is much different than //Tuesdays with Morrie// in that it will give us the opportunity to have different literary discussions. We will be able to discuss theme, setting, plot, character development and many other literary topics as we go through the book together. Before we actually begin the book, we need to work together to have an understanding of the background of Harper Lee (author) and the setting of the novel.

Harper Lee Jim Crow Laws Southeastern U.S. during the 1930s Role of Women throughout the 1920s and 30s

__Study Guides__

__Characters in TKAM__

__Synopsis of Chapters 12-23__

Jem isn’t the kid he used to be. He begins to mature in this chapter and ignore his little sister. Scout and Jem go to Cal’s church. Her church isn’t like their normal one. This church is just African Americans. One church member isn’t happy with the arrival of white children but the most are happy to see them. Scout and Jem have a unique experience at the church; they see the African Americans side of life. The majority of the adults can’t read and they talk a different way then what Scout and Jem are used to hearing. This experience also shows that them that Cal is different when she isn’t with them. Aunt Alexandra arrives in this chapter saying she will be staying to make sure the kids have some feminine influence while growing up. Scout and Jem aren’t too happy about the idea of Aunt Alexandra coming to stay with them. Aunt Alexandra is very hard on them. You find out that Aunt Alexandra is very into family backgrounds and since she is a Finch she thinks highly of herself because of the family background. You find out Aunt Alexandra’s opinion on Cal. She thinks she is much better than her and treats her like a servant. Alexandra wants to fire Cal but Atticus stands up for her and won’t let Alexandra fire her. Dill finally arrives back in this chapter. He makes up quite a few reasons while he left home, most of them were exaggerated but the real reason he came back was he felt like his mother and new dad didn’t want him. Dill traveled far to come to Maycomb and come be with his friends. The people in Maycomb were very anxious in approaching the trial. Atticus has to go guard the jail at night so that no one would come and bring harm to Tom Robinson. Jem, Dill, and Scout end up going to the jail because Jem was worried about Atticus since he usually walked to town and this time he drove the car. A big group comes to the jail wanting to hurt Tom but Scout stops them as she sees Mr.Cunningham in the crowd. Scout reminds him of all the things her father had done for him, which lead Mr. Cunningham and the crowd to go home. Mr. Raymond is introduced, he is a white man who spends most all his time with the “colored folks”, he has a ‘colored wife’ and supposedly many mixed children. Many people pass by the house, going to the courtroom. Jem, Dill, and Scout all chose to attend. They end up sitting in the colored balcony with Reverend Sykes. Mr. Heck Tate is the first to testify, Atticus presses him with questions about the placement of the black eye on Mayella’s face. Mr. Ewell comes to the stand after Tate. Scout also gives a closer look on the Ewell’s home life. She describes they’re home, mainly, explaining how it’s behind the town dump and how it’s a very unclean place. Ewell starts off getting a little smart with Atticus, Judge Taylor soon straightened him up. Reverend Sykes tells Jem to Take Scout out of the courtroom because he thinks some things weren’t fitting for her to hear. Jem refuses by telling Rev. Sykes that Scout doesn’t understand what their saying. Judge Taylor wanted the courtroom clear of women and children, which they also refused so he ordered Ewell to say what he has to in ‘Christian English usage’. Atticus gets Mr. Ewell to right his name, observing what hand he writes with. Scout ends the chapter almost positive that Ewell had done it, but after looking at Tom with his broad shoulders and ‘bull-thick’ neck, she becomes unsure. The trial against Tom Robinson continues in Chapter 18, starting with Mayella’s version of the story. She claimed that she told Tom to come through the fence and break up a chiffarobe for her, and then she said when she went inside to get a nickel for him, he took advantage of her. Then, Atticus started asking her questions about her home life. Atticus and the rest of the courtroom soon found out about her drunken father, and how she had no friends. Atticus also asked her how Tom raped her, since his left arm was crippled from an accident in a cotton gin when he was younger. Mayella gets really mad at Atticus, and throws a fit in the courtroom. After Mayella is questioned, Atticus calls Tom as a witness. Tom then tells his side of the story. He says that he was walking past the Ewell’s house and Mayella called him inside. She said that he needed to work on the door, but when he got inside, the door wasn’t broken or anything. He then asked where the children were, and Mayella said that she had given them money to buy ice cream in town. Tom said that Mayella grabbed his legs and told him to kiss her. During the struggle, her father appeared at the door and threatened to kill Mayella. After that, Tom ran away from the Ewell house. All of the sudden, Dill starts to get upset and cry, and so Mr. Raymond, Scout, Jem, and Dill all went outside of the courthouse. Mr. Raymond told Dill to take a drink from his paper sack, which hid coca cola. He said that he just pretended to drink alcohol to provide an explanation for the way he lived. Afterwards, when everyone was back inside the courtroom, Atticus was concluding his testimony. He stated that Mr. Ewell, not Tom, beat Mayella, and Mayella had blamed it all on Tom. After Atticus finished saying his final remarks, Calpurnia walked into the courtroom and handed Atticus a note.

During the trial, Calpurnia enters and hands Atticus a note from Alexandra saying that she can’t find the kids anywhere and Mr. Underwood points them out in the courtroom sitting in the balcony. They are made to go home and eat supper, but are allowed to come back right after they eat. The trial finally ends and Tom Robinson is convicted as guilty by the jury, but Atticus gets a standing ovation from the colored folks in the courtroom as he exits as a sign of respect. The next day, the Finch family is surprised by a pile o food at the back door from the blacks of the community and Atticus tears up at the sight, but tells Cal to tell them to keep their food because times are tough. While eating cake inside of Miss Maudie’s home, Jem and Scout listen as Miss Maudie tells them that the jury staying out a long while was a progress in racial issues. She says “it’s just a baby step, but it’s a step”. As the kids were leaving the home of Miss Maudie, Stephanie Crawford ran up to them to tell them that their father had been threatened that morning by Bob Ewell, who wanted revenge on Atticus for the trial. Everyone in town is worried for Atticus’s safety, but Atticus seems to not care at all. He just shrugs it off and keeps going. Meanwhile, Tom Robinson has been sent to another prison several miles away while his appeal travels through the court system. Atticus and his children, Jem and Scout, talk about how rape is a capital offense, meaning that Tom will be sent to the chair if he is convicted. Atticus also informs them that there was one man on the jury that wanted Tom acquitted and that happened to be a Cunningham. This got Scout thinking and she asked Aunt Alexandra to have Walter Cunningham over after school one day to have lunch with them, but Aunt Alexandra refuses, telling Scout that the Finch’s don’t associate with trashy people such as the Cunninghams. Jem tries to explain to Scout why Aunt Alexandra feels this way and while doing so, Jem himself realizes that maybe Boo Radley stays inside because he doesn’t want to come out and be a part of the bad world and society that they live in. __Synopsis of Chapters 24-31__

Aunt Alexandra had a get together with her friends and invited Scout. Then Atticus came home he told them about the death of Tom Robinson. Dill comes to visit and then Atticus and the kids go to Helen Robinson’s house to tell her about her husband’s death. The summer is now over and Dill leaves. School starts back. Bob Ewell begins to follow Helen to work and Deas threatened to arrest him if he didn’t leave her alone. There is a Halloween pageant in town and Scout plays ham. Atticus and Aunt Alexandra were too tired to attend it. Cecil Jacobs scared Scout and Jem on the way to the pageant. On their way home they heard footsteps and they thought it was Cecil Jacobs. Jem and Scout got attacked and the ham costume saved her life. Somebody took Jem to the house and Scout followed them. Dr. Reynolds comes and examines Jem’s injuries. Heck Tate arrives and explains to Atticus that Bob Ewell is lying under a tree with a knife stuck under his ribs. Scout describes what happened. Scout realized that Boo Radley was the one to save Jem. Atticus and Heck Tate argue on the porch. He tells Atticus that Jem didn’t kill Bob Ewell. Boo Radley actually killed Bob. Mr. Arthur asks Scout to walk him home. She gladly accepts his request. She never see’s him again after that night. Scout goes home, Atticus reads to her, she falls asleep, and he puts her to bed. Scout realizes that most people are nice after you actually meet them. Boo was a nice man after all. __Themes__ In To Kill A Mockingbird, there are many themes. Some are major while others are somewhat minor. One of the themes in To Kill a Mockingbird is racism. It explains racism in more detail than just saying racism is bad. It explains the different forms of racism. Some of this racism is born of hate, fear, and laziness. This racism relies on the stereotypes people have of other people in their county. Another theme is justice and judgment. There’s a theme of in the court, it’s suppose to be fair and just. But in the case of the Tom Robinson, the jury didn’t decide on a verdict based on facts, but instead on his color. In the book, youth is also a major theme. This is a theme because the book is from a child’s point of view. It shows how the children grow up, such as Jem growing up and coming of age. It shows how you gain and lose values as you grow up. This book also shows the importance of morals and ethics. There’s a difference between right and wrong, and there’s a difference between what each person and community think is right and wrong. This book focuses on it as Scout grows up and she and Jem discover what the community around them is actually like. The book shows fear deep down in the people as well. That fear causes racism, senseless killing, and harassment. Throughout the book, every problem’s root has been fear. The theme of femininity is carried out by Scout throughout the whole book because she must grow up and become a lady. She feels that all of her privileges are being taken away as she grows up, especially when Aunt Alexander shows up. Family is also brought to light in this book. Everyone feels like they must grow up to be like their parent. Either because their parents raise them like that, or they just do that naturally. It makes it easy to predict patterns in families and also makes change hard. Another theme is to have compassion and give forgiveness for the people that don’t deserve it. Because even though some people are terrible people, or just appear that way, you need to put yourself in their shoes and you can see their point of view. Sometimes after you put yourself in their perspective, you can realize you are wrong, and then you need to learn to forgive and be forgiven. __Symbols__

Boo Radley is a symbol of Jem and Scout growing up. Throughout the story, as they grow older, their view on Boo Radley changes. As they get older, they feel remorse for how they treated him when they were younger. At first they think nothing of how it affects Boo Radley, only on their vain attempts to see him, as they grow older they realize how childish they were and realize that their actions had been rude and it was polite to leave him alone.

The Mockingbird is a symbol of innocence. To kill a mockingbird, is to kill innocence. You can compare killing a mockingbird to convicting Tom Robinson. When that happened the chance of him being innocent was killed. It can also be compared to growing up. As you grow up, the childhood innocence you once had is in a way killed. The way Boo Radley was treated can be compared to killing a mockingbird. Scout thinks that hurting Boo Radley was like shooting a mockingbird.

It was said to be a sin to kill a mockingbird because of how innocent they were, they did nothing to harm you, and just sang their songs, Tom Robinson was the same, he was a kind man who never did anything to hurt anybody, and tried to help them. When they convicted him it was like killing a mockingbird because they were both innocent.

__Settings__

Scout’s Home- It’s where most of the main characters reside, where a lot of the story takes place. Where the characters gain most of their ideals from their father and Calpurnia.

Maycomb, Alabama- A small quiet town where the story takes place, where their ethics are brought up by the societies ‘norms’ in that town.

The Courthouse- Where Tom Robinson’s trial took place.

Boo Radley’s House- Where Boo Radley lives. Jem, Scout, and Dill tried to get Boo Radley out of his house many times. It is the place where they reflected on their childhood.

__Study Guide Questions for Chapters 12-31__ **Chapter 12 ** 1. At the beginning it is apparent that this is novel which deals with the passage of a youth from innocence to maturity. In what sense is Jem “coming of age”? -He is at that age where he is going through puberty and is now called Mister Jem since he is maturing and becoming an adult.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. What does Scout mean when she says of Calpurnia, “Again I thought her voice strange: she <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">was talking like the rest of them.” <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-she means that Calpurnia was speaking differently than she normally was, since the people at her church weren’t as educated as her. She didn’t want to sound different than them because she didn’t want to make anyone uncomfortable.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. The mature narrator (Scout) seems to be upset by the way both the African-American and white churches regard women. What is it specifically that upsets her about what the churches teach? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-He talks about specific people in the church that need to change, like Constance Jackson quarrelling with her neighbors and that she needed to watch her ways. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">4. What is “linin’” and why is it done? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">- It is when there is one person with a hymn book and they sing a line to a song and the rest of the congregation repeats it after them. They have to do this because almost all of the people that go to church in First Purchase cannot read.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 13 ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. How does Aunt Alexandra treat Calpurnia? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">- She doesn’t treat her very well and thinks that she doesn’t need to be there in the house.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. Why does Aunt Alexandra come to visit? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- She and Atticus decided Scout needed some feminine influence, and Jem was getting older, so he needed to begin learning how to be a gentleman.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">3. What is Aunt Alexandra’s major theory concerning human behavior? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-She thinks that all girls should act like ladies and have good manners and that they shouldn’t act like boys.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 14 ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. How does Atticus explain rape to Scout? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-“the carnal knowledge of a female by force and without consent.”

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. What does Jem tell Scout she should do when dealing with Aunt Alexandra and how does <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">she react to his suggestion? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-he tells Scout that she needs to listen to Aunt Alexandria and to not antagonize her, and Scout reacts by yelling back at him, “You trying to tell me what to do?”

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. Why does Dill run away from home? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-He didn’t like his stepfather because he was very mean to him and never kept his promises. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">4. What does Jem do that shocks Dill and Scout? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-he tells Atticus very responsibly how he found Dill under the bed and how he got him out.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 15 ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. What is the mood in Maycomb as the trial approached; what is Jem worried about? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;">-everyone is very anxious about the trial and some people come to Atticus’ house and ask about the trial; Jem is worried that someone might hurt Atticus because of the trial.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Why does Jem think that something is wrong when Atticus leaves? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;">- He takes the car and he never usually drives anywhere, so that usually meant he was going downtown.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">3. for what reason do the men come to the jail? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-they wanted to see Tom, and to break into his cell and hurt him somehow.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">4. How does Scout stop them? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; text-indent: 0.25in;">-She reminds Mr. Cunningham about his legal fee and how Atticus was always kind to him and has never done anything to hurt him,

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 16 ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. What does Atticus say about mobs and men over the breakfast table? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">-He says that all mobs are made up of people, and that Mr. Cunningham was one of the people in the mob. Even though they are in the mob, they are still men and they are men that everyone already knows.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">2. What is significant about Mr. Dolphus Raymond? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-He has a black wife and mixed children.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">3. What news does Scout get from the “Idlers’ Club”? What is it that confuses her? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">- That Atticus was appointed by the court to defend Tom Robinson; he didn’t choose to defend him. Scout is confused about the fact that he is okay with defending Tom and that he will do his best to defend him and prove him innocent.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 17 ** <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">1. Who is the first person to take the stand and testify? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-Mr. Heck Tate

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">2. What does Atticus spend much of his time asking Mr. Tate? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-He asked him if he had ever called a doctor for the girl.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">3. Where do the Ewells live, and what does this say about their social position in Maycomb <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">county? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-They live behind the town garbage dump in a cabin that used to be for black people. This says that the Ewells are poor and cannot afford a better place to live.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">4. How does Mr. Ewell act when he first takes the stand, and how does Judge Taylor react to <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">him? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-He acts like the trial is all a big joke and he doesn’t really take the questions seriously; Judge Taylor starts to ask him questions in a way so that he knows that his answers should be more serious.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">5. What is Mr. Ewell’s version of what happened? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-Mr. Ewell said that he was coming home from the woods with a load of kindling, and e heard Mayella screaming. Then, he said he ran to the house and looked in the window and saw Tom and Mayella.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">6. Why does Atticus want Ewell to write his name? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-To see if he is left handed or right handed.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 18 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. What is Mayella’s version of what happened? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">- She said she was sitting on the front porch, and then Tom came by the house and was going to chop up an old chiffarobe. Mayella offered him a nickel for it, and she said when she came in the house to get the nickel, she turned around and he was standing behind her and before she knew it he was on her. Then she said that he hit her and saying bad things to her. Then, she said she screamed and tried to fight back.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Why does Mayella think that Atticus is mocking her? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">- He is calling her Miss Mayella and ma’am, and she probably thinks it is mocking because she might not be used to people calling her that.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. What is Atticus’ strategy in questioning Mayella? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">-He was asking certain questions that would build up a story for the jury about the Ewells’ home life.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. What is wrong with Tom Robinson’s arm? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">- One of his arms got caught in a cotton gin when he was younger, and it tore all of the muscles loose from his bones.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">5. What question is the key to Tom’s defense? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">- The question that is key to Tom’s defense is when Atticus asks Mayella how Tom raped her.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 19 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. What did Mayella do to get the other children out of the house? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">-she gave them all a nickel to go to town to get ice cream.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">2. What did Tom’s running away from the Ewell’s house suggest? What else could he have <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">done? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-He was scared of getting caught with Mayella; He could’ve just stayed at the house and hid or went out back to work on something.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Why does Dill begin to cry? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">-He knows that Tom is not being treated fairly by Mr. Gilmer and everyone else and he knew it was wrong to do that since Tom is still a person too, even though he is black.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">4. What is Tom actually guilty of? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in;">-Running away from the house and being scared.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 20 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Why does Dolphus Raymond drink Coca-Cola and pretend it is liquor? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">- so people don’t question the way he lives; they can just see that he’s “drinking” and assume that’s why he does what he does.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. How does Dolphus Raymond explain Dill’s crying? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">-he says that crying is the simple hell people giver other people and says whenever he gets older.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. How is Atticus’ closing statement in defense of Tom Robinson also an attack upon racism? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in;">-he talks about how black people are always put in one group: all black people are mean; all blacks can’t be trusted, etc. This is putting racism in perspective for the jury and makes them really think about how the white race is treating black people in a way they shouldn’t be treating them.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 21 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. What does Calpurnia’s note say? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-It says something about Atticus’ children and how they are ‘missing.’

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. Why is Jem so certain that Tom Robinson would be acquitted? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">He believes that Atticus had won the argument because he had a good persuasive argument and he did think that people would convict Tom because of all of the facts Atticus had talked about.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. What does Reverend Sykes say about his experiences in court? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-he says that he has never seen a jury vote in favor of a black man over a white man.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 22 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. What does Atticus mean when he says, it “seems that only children weep”? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-he means that it seems like only the children know that when whites treat blacks poorly it isn’t right and they feel sorry for them <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. Why do the African-American folks in town bring food to Atticus and how does Atticus <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">react? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-They brought the food to show that they really appreciate him honestly defending Tom, since no one else in the whole town would. Atticus reacts by crying, and says that he is very grateful, but they shouldn’t ever do this <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">again, since the times are hard.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. What does Miss Maudie mean when she says, “…we’re making a step–it’s just a baby step, <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">but it’s a step”? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-It means that the people in the town are kind of thinking about how Atticus treated Tom fairly, and thought about how they treated blacks, but it’s still not enough to change the ways of the town.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4. How does Jem use a metaphor of a cocoon to describe himself? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-he used to think Maycomb was the best place in the world, but once he got older, he realized all of the unfairness in the town.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 23 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. How does Atticus take the threat that Bob Ewell makes? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-all he says about it is, “I wish Bob Ewell wouldn’t chew tobacco.” He took his threat very lightly and didn’t really take him that seriously.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. If Tom is found guilty on appeal, what will his punishment be? Why? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-he is going to go to the electric chair, so his punishment is death just because he is black and was against a white man.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. Atticus says, “…it’s all adding up and one of these days we’re going to pay the bill for it.” <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">What is he referring to? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-he is referring to how what is happening now will come around later and do the same affect.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4. At the end of this chapter, what conclusion does Jem draw about Boo? What led him to this <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">conclusion? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Jem thinks that Boo stays inside all of the time because he wants to, not because something’s wrong with him. He was led to this since everyone in Maycomb always went out of each other’s way because they didn’t like each other. Boo stays in the house all the time because he doesn’t want to be a part of any trouble in Maycomb.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 24 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. Who are the Mrunas and who is J. Grimes Everett? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-The Mrunas are a black family and J. Grimes Everett is one of the only people who will go around them much. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. What are some of the popular opinions among the missionary circle concerning blacks? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-because during the time period, black people were treated poorly and it seemed like every time a black person did something out of the ordinary, everyone gossiped about it.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. Why does Aunt Alexandra thank Miss Maudie with her eyes? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-to keep their conversation just between the two of them

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4. What is ironic about the concern the ladies of the Missionary Society have for the living <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">conditions of the Mrunas? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-The living conditions of the Mrunas are really bad, and they had no sense of family. The irony to this is that the ladies of the Missionary Society think that it is all about them and that they have to be very ladylike.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">5. Why did Tom run for the fence? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- because he knew that he didn’t deserve to be in jail.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 25 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. Why does Scout say that Jem is getting more like a girl? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-He doesn’t let Scout bring bugs inside and he doesn’t like to kill bugs. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. To what did Mr. Underwood’s editorial compare Tom’s conviction and death? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-It was about how it was a sin to kill cripples, whether they are standing, sitting, or escaping. This compares to Tom because he was convicted and crippled and later shot for trying to escape.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. What remark does Mr. Ewell make on hearing of Tom’s death and what seems to be the <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">significance of the remark? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-He said, “It made one down and about two more to go.” This is significant because it is foreshadowing for the book towards the end.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 26 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. How does Scout feel about the way they once treated Boo Radley? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-She felt bad for him because he had never done anything to them, and she said she wanted to see him before he died. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. What do the children talk about in current events? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- The Holocaust and Adolf Hitler. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. Why is Scout surprised that her teacher hates Hitler? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-She hates black people nearly as much as Hitler hates the Jews. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4. Why does Jem react so violently when Scout asks him this question? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-He doesn’t want to be reminded about the courthouse.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 27 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. What are some of the things Bob Ewell starts doing? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-He was fired from the WPA for laziness, and he was saying that he accused Atticus of getting his job. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. What is different about Halloween this year? Why? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-Every child did what he wanted to do, since it was very unorganized. Some got the help of others to help them move things, like placing a light buggy on top of the livery stable.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. What is Scout’s role in the pageant; of what is her costume made? **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">- **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Scout is a ham, and her costume is made of chicken wire and brown cloth.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 28 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. What is the night of the pageant like? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-It was warm and windy outside, and there was no moon so it was dark, and somewhat scary. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. How does Scout feel about Jem in this chapter; what does she say about him? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-She kind of feels closer to him again, since he is just <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. On the walk home, how does Scout’s costume turn out to be a life-saver? What happens by <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">the tree? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-the chicken wire protected her from getting cut; Jem is captured and pulled away from someone else. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">4. Who do you suppose the villain is? Who would you guess the hero to be? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-Mr. Ewell; Boo Radley

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">5. What does Heck Tate find under the tree? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- Mr. Ewell

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 29 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. When do you suppose Boo Radley came out of his house? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-Whenever Jem and Scout started to run <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. How does Scout describe Boo? **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">- **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Scout said his face was as white as his hands, and he had on khaki pants and a torn denim shirt. He also had very thin and feathery hair and hollow cheek bones and colorless gray eyes.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 30 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. Who does Atticus think killed Bob Ewell? Why doesn’t he want it covered up? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-He thinks Jem killed him; he wants to do what is right, and he doesn’t want to hide it if Jem really did kill Mr. Ewell. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: 353.2pt;">2. Who really did stab Ewell, and why did Heck decide not to tell anyone of this? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">-I think Boo stabbed Ewell; Heck decided not to tell anyone because he didn’t want Boo to get convicted for anything.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">3. What does Scout compare Boo’s exposure to? **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">- **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">She said it was like he was a little kid afraid of the dark.

**<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif';">Chapter 31 **

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1. What are some of the words Scout uses in this chapter to describe Boo Radley? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-She said he was thin, timid, and uncertain. <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">2. What is going through her mind as she stands on the Radley’s front porch? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">- She is reminded of what Atticus had told her before- to put yourself in other peoples’ shoes.

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">3. What is Atticus’ final statement about people? <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">-most people are nice when you finally see them.

** List of Characters ** __Dill –__ Dill is a boy of about Scout’s age who visited Maycomb County in summer- living with his aunt during that time-. He quickly became a friend to Jem and Scout, constantly badgering them about adventures to see the mysterious Boo Radley, specifically. As the plot continues, Dill gets a new father, but soon finds out that this doesn’t turn out as well as he had hoped. In his eyes, they seem to be happier without him. So, he runs away back to Maycomb. He is soon discovered, however, by Atticus, who then resolves the issue by getting Dill to stay with his aunt for a while.

__Uncle John Hale “Jack Finch”-__ He is the younger brother to Atticus and Aunt Alexander, who visited Sout and Jem occasionally. He is a humorous, single docter,

__Heck Tate –__ Mr. Tate is the sheriff of Maycomb County, and a friend to Atticus. He has basic principles throughout the book of right and wrong, to the point that he is not prejudiced toward the African-American community. At the end of the novel, he comes to the conclusion that Bob Ewell killed himself. This he did in order to save Arthur “Boo” Radley from conviction.

__Dolphus Raymond-__ He is a wealthy white man, but lives within the Negroe community of Maycomb. He has children with a black woman, and is always seen in public as drinking what is that to be alcohol out of a paper bag. The people of Maycomb think it very odd that a white man would be so affiliated with African Americans, so the fact that he is a drunk would only make sense. However, this is not the case. Mr. Raymond is actually only drinking coke out of the bag. He purposefully makes it seem to be alcohol in order for white people to have a reason as to his way of life. He reveals that it is coke to Scout and Dill to calm Dill’s stomach with a drink of coke.

__Zeebo –__ He is Calpurnia’s oldest son and doesn’t appear frequently throughout the book. He is one of few in the negroe church who can read. Therefore, he leads the ‘lining’ as they sing.

__Walter Cunningham Jr.-__ He is a boy of about Jem’s age, although he is actually in Scout’s class. His farming family is not at all wealthy due to the Great Depression. One day at school, Scout attacks him because she got in trouble for trying to tell the teacher not to help him, because that was the Cunningham way. He is also invited to dinner once at the Finch home, where he covered all of is food in molasses.

__Cecil Jacobs –__ Cecil Jacobs was a friend of Scout and Jem’s at school. Scout got into a fight with him once over the fact that he said Atticus likes to defend blacks. Also, he gave the report in school about Adolf Hitler. Later in the book, he scared Jem and Scout on their way to the Halloween pageant.

__Atticus-__Is an upstanding lawyer and the father of Scout and Jem. He raised his children as a single parent after the death of his wife (which the cause is never revealed.) He is contracted to defend the African-American man Tom Robinson when he is accused of the rape of Mayell Ewell. Atticus stands out in the story as an incredibly good man, as he is one of the only non-racist characters in the story, and also one of the most likeable. Any other lawyer would have just given the trial up, but Atticus defended Tom with all his might, solely because he believed it was the right thing to do, and people should be treated equally, especially in the court room.

__Maudie-__ Is the Finche’s next door neighbor. She is about 50 and she loves to garden. She is constantly harassed by “Foot washing Baptists” that tell her, her love for gardening is a sin. She has always lived close to the Finch family, having been brought up near Finches Landing. She befriends Scout and Jem, and frequently tells them stories about their father when he was a youth. She is not racist, unlike most of the other characters, and she does not look down on the children. Because of this, Scout and Jem think very highly of her. Later in the story, her house burns down, but she jokes about it, saying she wanted it to burn so her flowers would have more room to grow. She is also revealed to be a recovering cancer patient.

__Aunt Alexandra –__ Is the sister of Atticus Finch. Later in the book, she comes to stay at Atticus’s house so she can be a mother figure to the children. She tries to be a very proper woman, and tries to imprint this mentality onto Scout. She disapproves of Scouts tomboy tendencies, and tries to replace them with lady like attributes, but it never really works.

__Judge Taylor-__ Is a white haired old Judge who is known for running his court room in a very informal fashion, in the company of dipping and singing. It appears he is completely neutral on most issues, until the Tom Robinson trial immerged, and he shows great distaste for the Ewells, and great respect for Atticus and Tom. Unfortunately, he is unable to pardon Tom because of an ignorant, racist jury that convicts him. Because of his views, he is harassed in his home by Bob Ewell.

__Dr. Reynolds__**-** Is Maycomb’s town doctor. He inspects Jem’s arm after Bob Ewell manages to break it.

__Reverend Sykes-__ Is the reverend of the African-American church that Tom Robinson attended. He is a good man, and even lets Jem and Scout sit with him during the trial in the African-American balcony because Atticus told them not to attend.

__Helen Robinson-__ Is the widow of Tom Robinson. She is also harassed by Bob Ewell after the trial.

__Walter Cunningham Sr.-__ Is the man who is paying off his legal debts to Atticus in peanuts. He is the father of Walter Cunningham Jr., the little boy who Scout beats up early in the story. He is in the mob that goes to kill Tom Robinson, but when Scout talks to him, he comes back to his senses.

__Scout- She’s__ the narrator and very smart for her age. She matures as the book goes on, but still has some childish ways.

__Boo-__ He was a very quiet man and didn’t really show himself until the end of the book. He reached out to the children for friendship. He was reclusive because of the rumors that still go on about his trial when he was a teen.

__Tom Robinson- He__ was a black man accused of raping Mayella Ewell. He has little to nothing of a left arm and is very polite and often helps Ms. Ewell. He had three children and a wife.

__Mrs. Dubose-__ She‘s and elderly woman that frightened the children. She is very racist, and had an addiction to morphine which she died from. Jem helped her die free of painkillers and in gratitude she left him a candy box with a flower in it.

__Mr. Gilmer-__ He’s a lawyer from Abottsville and was prosecuting Tom.

__Caroline Fisher-__ Scout’s first grade teacher, and new to Alabama. She’s frustrated with Scout because she is more advanced than the others and believes Scout is getting lessons from her father, Atticus. She’s very emotional and gets hurt quite easy.

__Rachel Haverford-__ is Dill’s aunt and is neighbors to the Finch’s. She drank whiskey heavily after being traumatized when seeing a snake in her closet.

__Mrs. Merriweather-__ is the producer of the pageant Scout is in, she’s the most devout lady in Maycomb, and absolutely love Mr. J Grimes Everett. She has total devotion to the church and loves to gossip.

__Jem-__ is the oldest child in the Finch family. He is 4 years older than Scout, the youngest of the family. He is a confident boy and stand up for what he believes in. throughout the book, you see Jem grow and mature mentally and physically. He learns more about growing up and what it is like in the adult society.

__Calpurnia-__ is an African-American woman that helps around the Finch home after Atticus’s wife died. To Jem and Scout, Calpurnia is a mother-figure; she does most of the cooking and the cleaning and disciplines them.

__Mayella__- is the one who was supposedly raped by Tom Robinson. She is the daughter of Robert Ewells. She is the oldest of a large family. Mayella tends to be defensive and emotional in this book.

__Francis Hancock-__ the grandson of Aunt Alexandra. Francis got along well with Jem but was often forced to be with Scout because of the closeness in age.

__Mr. Underwood__- is the author of The Maycomb Tribune. He is the report of the trails and is a racist.

__Link Deas-__ is the man who owns the cotton field that Tom Robinson works in when he was charged with rape of Mayella. He tells the court that Tom Robinson is not a trouble maker..

__Stephanie Crawford-__ is the one who gossips in the town and is the first one to hear the gun shot behind the Radley house. Because she the gossip queen her word is not very trust worthy.

__Jessie__- is Mrs. Dubose’s black caregiver. She is the one who gets rid of the children when Mrs. Dubose throws her fits.